What is a Computer and its History?

A Computer is a programmable machine . It allows the users to store all sorts of information and the process that information ,or  data , or carry out actions with the information ,such as calculating numbers or organizing words.
A computer can be defined as an electronic device that is capable of  :-
i)Accepting , storing and logically manipulating data or text that is input 
ii) Processing and producing output (results or decisions) on the basis of stored programs of instructions.

• Types Of Computer

a)On the basis of Generation

b)On the basis of functionality.

c)On the basis of Size.

• ACCORDING TO GENERATION

Generation refers to the time period during which a computer has been developed.

The different generations are as follows:-

1. First Generation
2. Second Generation
3. Third Generation                                       
4. Fourth Generation
5. Fifth Generation

Every Generation has its own uniqueness just like the generations in our families.The uniqueness of our grandfather generation is different from his child's and grandchild's generation.

1. FIRST GENERATION (1940 – 1956)

• Vacuum tubes were used.
• Magnetic drums were used for memory.
• High electricity consumption.
• Programming was done in machine language(in form of 0's and 1's)
• Punched cards were used.
• Size was very large
• Expensive.
• Examples : 

1. ENIAC                                                        
2. UNIVAC
3. EDVAC
4. MARK 1

       2. SECOND GENERATION(1956 - 1963)

• Transistors were used
• Programming was in machine language and assembly language.
• Languages like FORTAN,COBOL were invented.
• First operating system and core memory were developed.
• Magnetic core was used as primary memory
• Magnetic tapes and disks were used as secondary memory
• Examples

1. IBM 1401
2. IBM 1620

• FORTAN stands for FORMULATION TRANSLATION.
• COBOL stands for COMMON BUSINESS ORIENTED LANGUAGE.

       3.THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971)

• Integrated circuits were developed.
• Low power consumption
• Small scale integration (SSI) and medium scale technology (MSI) was used
• High level languages were used such as FORTAN ,PASCAL,BASIC ,ALGOL were used.
• Multi programming Operating systems were introduced.
• Examples

1. PDP – 8
2. IBM -370
3. IBM -360

• PDP  stands for PERSONAL DATA PROCESSING   
• BASIC stands for BEGINNERS ALL PURPOSE SYMBOLIC INSTRUCTION CYCLE.
• ALGOL stands for ALGORITHMIC LANGUAGE.       

       4.FOURTH GENERATION(1971 – Present)

• Large scale integration(LSI) and Very large scale integration (VLSI) technology is used.
• Development of portable computers.
• Use of RAID( Redundant array of inexpensive disks) technology for data storage.
• Used in virtual reality multimedia and simulation.
• Computers started in used for data communication.
• Its is known as age of microprocessors.Also super computers were invented in this generation.
• C,C++ language was invented and C is known as the mother of all languages.
• Examples

1. IBM PC
2. Apple Macintosh                                           

       5.FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT AND BEYOND)

• Ultra large scale Integrated Circuits
• Microprocessor chips are used
• Used in parallel computing , speech recognition, intelligent robots and artificial intelligence.
• Examples : Compact computers like

1. Laptops
2. Notebooks                                                                      

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